The history and politics of the English protest song

1740

Rule, Britannia!

Tune: Original
Lyrics: James Thomson
Composer: Thomas Arne

When Britain first, at Heaven’s command
Arose from out the azure main;
This was the charter of the land,
And guardian angels sang this strain:
“Rule,” &c.

The nations, not so blest as thee,
Must, in their turns, to tyrants fall;
While thou shalt flourish great and free,
The dread and envy of them all.
“Rule,” &c.

Still more majestic shalt thou rise,
More dreadful, from each foreign stroke;
As the loud blast that tears the skies,
Serves but to root thy native oak.
“Rule,” &c.

Thee haughty tyrants ne’er shall tame:
All their attempts to bend thee down,
Will but arouse thy generous flame;
But work their woe, and thy renown.
“Rule,” &c.

To thee belongs the rural reign;
Thy cities shall with commerce shine:
All thine shall be the subject main,
And every shore it circles thine.
“Rule,” &c.

The Muses, still with freedom found,
Shall to thy happy coast repair;
Blest Isle! With matchless beauty crown’d,
And manly hearts to guard the fair.
“Rule,” &c.

Lyrics

Commissioned by Frederick Prince of Wales, whilst exiled from court, for the masque Alfred, this was originally a protest against British foreign policy, implicitly arguing instead for a ‘bluewater’, Atlantic-oriented stance, prioritising the Royal Navy and the colonies above intervention in European wars. As early as 1745, the tune was repurposed for other protests, and has been used by Jacobites and Jacobins, radicals and reactionaries, royalists and revolutionaries, ever since.

Cause: Isolationist
Theme: War and Peace | Overview/England
Addressed to: Court | Britons
Target of Protest: Foreign Powers | The Ruler
Proposal/Solution: Armament | State Investment